Language Authority in the United States

Jackie Hand

Dr. Hughes

English 1101

Language Authority In the United States

Thesis statement: It is apparent that English is the language spoken by most people in this country. Yet, it has yet to be made into our “official” language. So, how is it, since we are indecisive ourselves, that we feel the right to force others to learn English? We, together as a country, need to make a decision on what to do about this situation. If it is necessary for others to learn English, then why not just make it our official language?

Quote 1: “Kill the Indian…save the man”
I chose this quote because it is the most ludicrous statement that I have ever heard. If we are really the “land of the free” then how can we say this about the very people who were here first? I think I’m going to use this quote as a basis for most of my paper because this is the very thing that I want to argue against.

Quote 2: “I’ll never forget, all the mothers were crying.”
I chose this quote because it shows the pain that these poor people had to go through. They were forced to send their children to these schools, and it is just so sad. It must have been terrible as a mother to watch your children be sent away where you KNEW that they were going to be abused.

Quote 3: "A great general has said that the only good Indian is a dead one," Pratt said. "In a sense, I agree with the sentiment, but only in this: that all the Indian there is in the race should be dead. Kill the Indian in him, and save the man."
Why should you want to ridicule someone for their heritage? That goes against everything that this country stands for. People came here to not be judged or punished for what they believe or how they speak, and without that we would not be what we are today. So why are we punishing the people who were here first?

Animals Are Capable of Communication Too!

Steven Holland
Engl 1101
Dr. Hughes
Blog 5

Thesis Statement- Many people don’t think that animals are capable of communicating with the human race. Animals can indeed communicate with humans through various methods other than speech. The inability to speak does not stop many animals from communicating with humans; especially if they are taught to communicate using sign language or some other method of communication.

Quote 1: “Yet we know that creatures are capable of communicating, certainly with other members of their own species. Is it possible that a creature could learn to communicate with humans using language?”(The Study of Language, George Yule)
This quote will essentially be used to introduce the topic and to make the reader think to himself, “can animals really communicate with humans? I wonder.”

Quote 2: “Riders can say Woah to horses and they stop"(The Study of Language, George Yule)
This quote shows that animals can understand human speech. It shows the possibility that humans can understand some form of language that an animal would be capable of using.

Quote 3: “Some of the forms appear to have been inventions by Washoe, as in her novel sign for bib and in the combination water bird, which would seem to indicate that her communication system had the potential for productivity.”
This quote proves that animals, chimpanzees in this instance, are capable of communicating with humans and developing their own form words that they have not been taught.

How do we learn language? Is language biological, cultural, or a combination of both?

Carmen Solis
Engl 1107


Thesis:
Pinker and Dalrymple explain thoroughly in their writing how language is developed in a human-being. Pinker states that language is something that comes naturally; while, Dalrymple explains that the cultural environment that one lives in has a great influence on the language. As a matter of fact, language's development is a combination of biological and one's surrounding.


Quotes:
“Indeed, you can posses all these advantages and still not be a competent language user, if you lack just the right genes or just the right bits of brain” (Chatterboxes, pg 54 by Pinker)

I will use this quote to state what Pinker thinks of how language is developed. This quote shows that Pinker takes the side that language comes from biological meaning. This quote has facts and it will give me a chance to combine with one of Dalrymple’s quote explaining how the cultural and biological are linked together to form and develop language.


“Language is not a cultural artifact that we learn the way we learn to tell time or how the federal government works. Instead, it is a distinct piece of biological makeup of our brains. Language is a complex…..process information or behave intelligently” (An instinct to acquire an Art, pg 18 by Pinker)

This quote gives an insight into why Pinker thinks language comes naturally. This quote explains exactly what he thinks. It would help the readers to understand his strong point of view. I will paraphrase and supply examples of his point-of-view. I will explain this quote more extensively and provide more information of why he thinks that way.


“It is utterly implausible to suggest that imitation of parents (or other social contacts) has nothing whatever to do with the acquisition of language. I hesitate to mention so obvious a consideration, but Chinese parents tend to have Chinese-speaking children…it is a sociological truism that a children tend to speak not merely the language but the dialect of their parents” (The Gift of Language, pg 4 by Theodore)

I will use this quote to explain what Theodore thinks about language. He is saying that if a child is around Chinese speaking parents, of course, he is going to learn Chinese because that is the language he is hearing. Basically, the environment that a child is surrounded by and the language that he/she is hearing will cause some effect on her language.

Learning Language: Biological or Cultural

Mary Elizabeth Lowe
English 1101
Hughes
2/25/2009



Thesis Statement:

While a number of individuals believe undoubtedly that language is purely biological or learned, a more logical conclusion is in the blending of both inheritance and learning of language. A biological neural program in each human beings head is an innate essential for future language; however, it is equally vital to hear the voices of language in order to fully communicate and reach one’s linguistic potential.



Quotes:


“Language is a complex, specialized skill, which develops in a child spontaneously without conscious effort or formal instruction”
(Pinker, 3)

This quote will provide credibility due to the fact he is a well educated and published writer. This statement will be used to argue that language is an innate ability in all people. One does not necessarily need a formal education to communicate, but it is obviously quite helpful.

“It is utterly implausible to suggest that imitation of parents ( or other social contacts) has nothing whatever to do with the acquisition of language. I hesitate to mention so obvious a consideration , but Chinese parents tend to have Chinese-speaking children, and Portuguese parents Portuguese-speaking ones”. (Dalrymple, 3)

This remark about Chinese speaking children having Chinese parents provides a great amount of evidence that language is learned rather than solely biological. I was raised by English speaking parents and I speak English. If language was purely biological as some people think, why did I not learn Chinese instead of English?


Noam Chomsky basic argument is that there exists an innate language acquisition device, a neural program that prepares them to learn language (Kandel 638). http://www.duke.edu/~pk10/language/neuro.htm

This quote provides scientific evidence that in the brain there is the capacity to learn language. It is not so much that we are born speaking, but when we hear others speaking, the “neural program” in our minds enables us to pick up, repeat, and form unique sentences. Thus, a combination of biological and learned aspects are at work.


"No child would ever talk unless he were taught; and no child could be taught unless he already possessed, by inheritance, a particular series of nervous arrangements ready for training"(Marshall, 41). http://www.duke.edu/~pk10/language/neuro.htm

This is an expert opinion that states a child must be ready in his mind, with the needed “nervous arrangements” in order to further that already possessed skill of language through further instruction and teaching. Both steps are needed in language, inheritance and teaching.

American Language Authority

Jonathan Dishon

ENGL 1101

Dr. Hughes

September 25, 2009

The United States has no official language to date. It also has no authority to consult when new words are formed. So as a citizen I believe that a national language should be developed, but at the same time we should not get rid of the diversity of languages we already have in existence in the United States. So a language authority in the United States that could establish a standard, but not obliterate the other languages, would greatly benefit the country.

Quote 1: “Every country struggles with the issue of “good language”- what constitutes the standard by which people can model their speech and writing, and judge that of others. Some countries have established official bodies, such as an academy or government agency, to provide guidance through pronouncements and publications.” (“Language Authority in America: In Grammar and Webster We Trust” by Russell Tabbert)

I will use this quote to back-up my decision to have a language authority established. The language authorities of other countries do not get rid of languages, but only set the standard of their own. They also establish pronunciations for words that are new so that they can incorporate them into their language.

Quote 2: “In the United States we have not followed this route, but have instead evolved something of a free-market academy. It operates through two highly competitive segments of the publishing industry. One of them produces monolingual dictionaries, many of which have Webster in their titles. The other publishes numerous books, articles, and columns dealing with the points of usage, that is, the sorts of things that many people refer to with the term grammar.” (“Language Authority in America: In Grammar and Webster We Trust” by Russell Tabbert)

This quote will allow me to show that the United States is already on the way to establishing an authority over language. While it is in the very early stages, it is a good start to becoming an academy or agency that could regulate the language.

Quote 3: “Today English is governed by a loose network of “language authorities,” whom linguist Steven Pinker calls “language mavens”: English teachers, editors, journalists, columnists on language, authors/editors of dictionaries, grammar and usage books, and style guides.”("Language and Authority" by Curzan)

This is another quote that shows how the United States is trying to establish an authority over its language. This shows the type of people who would most likely be considered to be assigned to the academy or agency that would govern the language of the United States.

Learning Language: Biological or Cultural?

Jennifer Conley
Ms. Hughes
25 September 2009


Thesis Statement: Throughout time linguist have studied how language has evolved. Although there have been many observations theory suggests that language is learned through biological and cultural experiences.

Quote 1:
"Language is not a cultural artifact that we learn the way we learn to tell time or how the federal government works. Instead, it is a distinct piece of the biological makeup of our brains. Language is complex, specialized skill, which develops in the child spontaneously, without conscious effort or formal instruction, is deployed without awareness of its underlying logic, is qualitatively the same in every individual, and is distinct from more general abilities to process information or behave intelligently."(Pinker, 18)

In this quote Pinker is stating that language is not learned through culture but is a biological makeup in our brain. I will use this as evidence of some credibility and as a counterarguement.

Quote 2:
"It is utterly implausible to suggest that imitation of parents (or other social contacts) has nothing whatever to do with the acquisition of language. I hesitate to mention so obvious a consideration, but Chinese parents tend to have Chinese-speaking childern, and Portuguese parents Portuguese-speaking ones. I find it difficult to believe that this is entirely a coincidence and that imitation has nothing to do with it. Moreover, it is a sociological truism that childern tend to speak not merely that language but the dialect of their parents." (Dalrymple, 4)

As Dalrymple implies in this quote, childern learn to speak their language through their parents. I will use this as evidence and credibility that childern have to start learning some where, and they mostly around their parents at such a young age.

Quote 3:
"Childern learn to talk, using the language of their parents, siblings, friends, and others as sources and examples- and by using other speakers as testing devices for their own emerging ideas about language." (Daniels, 19)

This quote is be used to sum up my arguement that language is learned through both biological and cultural experiences. As stated in the quote above we learn from our parents, which is considered biological. Then on the other hand, we learn from friends and other sources around us which would make up for the cultural experienes devoted to our language.

The Recipe for Learning Language

Bekah Medford
English 1101
Hughes
2/25/2009
The Recipe for Learning Language

Thesis statement: Looking into the recipe of learning language one will find two types of ingredients: biological and cultural. Many people believe that learning language is strictly biological, while others believe language is learned culturally. In reality, the biological and cultural elements are blended together to create a unique, personal, learned language.

Quote 1: “Language is not a cultural artifact that we learn the way we learn to tell time or how the federal government works. Instead, it is a distinct piece of the biological makeup of our brains. Language is a complex, specialized skill, which develops in the child spontaneously, without conscious effort or formal instruction, is deployed without awareness of its underlying logic, is qualitatively the same in every individual, and is distinct from more several abilities to process information or behave intelligently… I prefer the term ‘instinct’.” (From “An Instinct to Acquire Art,” by Pinker)

I choose this quote because it is an example of how many people believe language is biological. Language is descriped fully biological in this quote. One main reason I choose this quote was the conclusion. Pinker calls language “instinct.” I agree that language is part instinct.

Quote 2: “Children tend to speak not mearly the language but ther dialect of their parents.” (From “The Gift of Language” by Theodore Dalryme.)

Though not as long as my first quote I pulled out this quote because I think it brings up a great point. This is an example of children getting part of language culturally. A child cannot be born is a certain dilact just because they are born in a certain place. They are trained by listening to people talk in their surrounding environment. Learning languae culturally is describe in this quote.

Quote 3: “ Its factous to expect most complex of human faculties, language, requires no special training to develop it to its highest possible power.” (From “The Gift of Language” by Theodore Dalryme.)

This quote is showing the contrasting opinon to quote 1. I thought it would be a good idea to bring this quote in to convey that diversity. I think this quote makes a lot of since. It has another comprehensible point on why language is somewhat culturally learned. A child with a higher education from a different cultural may be trained better than a child with no education. This will lead the first child to be more effiecent in talking with his language or using his language.

Linguistic Origins: Culture vs Nature (?)

Thesis:

The debate over linguistic origin has been ongoing throughout the era. Dr. Pinker and Mr. Dalrymple have both made compelling arguments for biology and culture respectively. In spite of this, my verdict stands: human linguistic development originates from a fine blend of biological and cultural influences. No matter how well Pinker and Dalrymple’s arguments are, they do not stand strong enough to justify that language originates from just nature or culture alone.

Quotes:

1. Dr. Pinker talks about the rules of language being somewhat hardwired into children, and how if they are brought up in a language that does not have those grammatical rules, they will create them. Honestly, I cannot fine his exact quote right now, but I will….
I will be using this quote as evidence, credibility, and a counterexample.

2. “It is utterly implausible to suggest that imitation of parents (or other social contacts) has nothing whatever to do with the acquisition of language. I hesitate to mention so obvious a consideration, but Chinese parents tend to have Chinese-speaking children, and Portuguese parents Portuguese-speaking ones. I find it difficult to believe that this is entirely a coincidence and that imitation has nothing to do with it. Moreover, it is a sociological truism that children tend to speak not merely the language but the dialect of their parents.”
I’ll be using this quote as well for evidence, credibility, and counterexample

3. “But everyone ought to have the opportunity to transcend the limitations of his linguistic environment, if it is a restricted one—which means that he ought to meet a few schoolmarms in his childhood. Everyone, save the handicapped, learns to run without being taught; but no child runs 100 yards in nine seconds, or even 15 seconds, without training. It is fatuous to expect that the most complex of human faculties, language, requires no special training to develop it to its highest possible power.”
Again, used for credibility, evidence, and counterexample


Further thoughts:

The quotes in general I plan to use to “describe” the views of natural and cultural linguistic origin, so that I may take ideas from each and show how they can cooperate.

I feel that once I have established a fairly strong background of Pinker, Dalrymple, and their views, I can then show how their ideas in fact can sync quite nicely, into a very thoughtful theory of language.